Loss of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase disturbs phytohormone homeostasis and regulates shoot side branching and fruit growth in tomato.

S-Nitrosoglutathione plays a central role in nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates the cellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione across kingdoms. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous NO in shaping shoot architecture and controlling fruit set and growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlGSNOR silencing promoted shoot side branching and led to reduced fruit size, negatively impacting fruit yield. Greatly intensified in slgsnor knockout plants, these phenotypical changes were virtually unaffected by SlGSNOR overexpression. Silencing or knocking out of SlGSNOR intensified protein tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosation and led to aberrant auxin production and signaling in leaf primordia and fruit-setting ovaries, besides restricting the shoot basipetal polar auxin transport stream. SlGSNOR deficiency triggered extensive transcriptional reprogramming at early fruit development, reducing pericarp cell proliferation due to restrictions on auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin production and signaling. Abnormal chloroplast development and carbon metabolism were also detected in early-developing NO-overaccumulating fruits, possibly limiting energy supply and building blocks for fruit growth. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which endogenous NO fine-tunes the delicate hormonal network controlling shoot architecture, fruit set, and post-anthesis fruit development, emphasizing the relevance of NO-auxin interaction for plant development and productivity.

Effect of anesthetic, tag size, and surgeon experience on postsurgical recovering after implantation of electronic tags in a neotropical fish: Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

Implantation of telemetry transmitters in fish can be affected by different parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of type of anesthetic, tag size, and surgeon experience on surgical and postsurgical wound healing in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus . In total, eighty fish were surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters and forty fish were kept as controls. Forty fish were implanted with a small tag and other forty were implanted with a large tag. Similarly, forty fish were anesthetized with eugenol and forty fish were anesthetized by electroanesthesia, and forty surgeries were performed by an expert surgeon and forty surgeries were performed by novice surgeons. At the end of the experimental period seventeen (21.3%) tagged fish had postsurgical complications, including death (1.3%), tag expulsion (2.5%), antenna migration (2.5%), and infection (15%). Tag size was the key determinant for postsurgical complications. Surgical details and postsurgical wound healing were not affected by type of anesthetic. Incision size, duration of surgery, and wound area were significantly affected by tag size and surgeon experience, and the number of sutures was significantly affected by tag size only. The results indicate that successful implantation of telemetry transmitters is dependent upon surgeon experience and tag size.(AU)

A implantação de transmissores em peixes pode ser afetada por diversos aspectos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência do tamanho do transmissor, do tipo de anestésico e da experiência do cirurgião em parâmetros cirúrgicos e recuperação pós-cirúrgica do peixe neotropical Prochilodus lineatus . Foram marcados oitenta indivíduos com transmissores de telemetria, enquanto outros quarenta foram utilizados como controle. Quarenta indivíduos foram marcados com um transmissor pequeno e outros quarenta com um transmissor maior. Foram utilizados dois tipos de anestésico sendo quarenta indivíduos anestesiados por eletronarcose e outros 40 por eugenol e as cirurgias foram realizadas por dois grupos de cirurgiões, experientes e inexperientes com quarenta peixes em cada grupo. Dezessete peixes (21,3%) apresentaram impactos diretos resultantes da cirurgia como o óbito (1,3%), perda do transmissor (2,5%), migração da antena (2,5%) e infecções internas (15%). Estes efeitos estão ligados ao tamanho do transmissor utilizado. A experiência do cirurgião possui relação direta em três parâmetros cirúrgicos (tamanho da incisão, tempo de cirurgia e área de cicatrização). O tamanho dos transmissores utilizados possui relação com quatro parâmetros (tamanho da incisão cirúrgica, número de suturas utilizadas, tempo de cirurgia e área de cicatrização). O anestésico não teve relação com os parâmetros cirúrgicos. Os resultados indicam que tanto a dimensão dos transmissores quanto a experiência dos cirurgiões têm impacto direto no sucesso de implantação dos transmissores.(AU)

Effect of surface ligands on the optical properties of aqueous soluble CdTe quantum dots.

We investigate systematically the influence of the nature of thiol-type capping ligands on the optical and structural properties of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots synthesized in aqueous media, comparing mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), thioglycolic acid (TGA), 1-thioglycerol (TGH), and glutathione (GSH). The growth rate, size distribution, and quantum yield strongly depend on the type of surface ligand used. While TGH binds too strongly to the nanocrystal surface inhibiting growth, the use of GSH results in the fastest growth kinetics. TGA and MPA show intermediate growth kinetics, but MPA yields a much lower initial size distribution than TGA. The obtained fluorescence quantum yields range from 38% to 73%. XPS studies unambiguously put into evidence the formation of a CdS shell on the CdTe core due to the thermal decomposition of the capping ligands. This shell is thicker when GSH is used as ligand, as compared with TGA ligands.